Mastery Studying Ensures Appropriate Private Protecting Gear Use in Simulated Medical Encounters of COVID-19
Introduction: The right use of non-public protecting gear (PPE) limits transmission of significant communicable illnesses to healthcare employees, which is critically necessary within the period of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19). Nonetheless, prior research illustrated that healthcare employees incessantly err throughout software and elimination of PPE. The purpose of this examine was to find out whether or not a simulation-based, mastery studying intervention with deliberate apply improves appropriate use of PPE by physicians throughout a simulated medical encounter with a COVID-19 affected person.
Strategies:
This was a pretest-posttest examine carried out within the emergency division at a big, tutorial tertiary care hospital between March 31-April 8, 2020. A complete of 117 topics participated, together with 56 school members and 61 resident physicians. Previous to the intervention, all contributors acquired institution-mandated training on PPE use by way of an internet video and supplemental supplies.
Members accomplished a pretest expertise evaluation utilizing a 21-item guidelines of steps to appropriately don and doff PPE. Members had been anticipated to fulfill a minimal passing rating (MPS) of 100%, decided by an skilled panel utilizing the Mastery Angoff and Affected person Security standard-setting strategies. Members that met the MPS on pretest had been exempt from the academic intervention.
Testing occurred earlier than and after an in-person demonstration of correct donning and doffing strategies and 20 minutes of deliberate apply. The first final result was a change in evaluation scores of appropriate PPE use following our academic intervention. Secondary outcomes included variations in efficiency scores between school members and resident physicians, and variations in efficiency throughout donning vs doffing sequences.
Outcomes: All contributors had a imply pretest rating of 73.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.9-75.3%). College member and resident pretest scores had been related (75.1% vs 71.3%, p = 0.082). Imply pretest doffing scores had been decrease than donning scores throughout all contributors (65.8% vs 82.8%, p<0.001). Participant scores elevated 26.9% (95% CI of the distinction 24.7-29.1%, p<0.001) following our academic intervention leading to all contributors assembly the MPS of 100%.
Conclusion: A mastery studying intervention with deliberate apply ensured the right use of PPE by doctor topics in a simulated medical encounter of a COVID-19 affected person. Additional examine of translational outcomes is required.
Description: IL-17F, a member of the IL-17 family of structurally related cytokines, has been shown to stimulate proliferation and activation of T-cells and PBMCs. IL-17F also regulates cartilage matrix turnover and inhibits angiogenesis. Recombinant human IL-17F is a disulfide-linked homodimer of 30.1 kDa, consisting of two 133 amino acid residue chains.
Description: IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in host defense by regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Produced by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and keratinocytes, IL-6 has diverse biological functions. It stimulates B-cell differentiation and antibody production, synergizes with IL-3 in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, induces expression of hepatic acute-phase proteins, and regulates bone metabolism. IL-6 signals through the IL-6 receptor system that consists of two chains, IL-6R α and gp130. Murine IL-6 is inactive on human cells, while both human and murine are equally active on murine cells. Recombinant human IL-6 is a 20.9 kDa protein containing 184 amino acid residues.
Description: IL-3 is a hematopoietic growth factor that promotes the survival, differentiation and proliferation of committed progenitor cells of the megakaryocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, eosinophil, basophil and mast cell lineages. Produced by T cells, mast cells and eosinophils, IL-3 enhances thrombopoieses, phagocytosis, and antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. Its ability to activate monocytes suggests that IL-3 may have additional immunoregulatory roles. Many of the IL-3 activities depend upon co-stimulation with other cytokines. IL-3 is species-specific, variably glycosylated cytokine. Recombinant human IL-3 is a 15.0 kDa globular protein containing 133 amino acid residues.
Description: IL-2 is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions which are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes. Recombinant human IL-2 is a 15.5 kDa protein, containing 134 amino acid residues including one intrachain disulfide bond.
Description: IL-12 is a disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein (p70), composed of two subunits, p35 and p40, which are encoded by two different genes. Accumulating data indicate that p40 secretion precedes that of IL-12 expression. In addition, to its ability to covalently bind to p35 to form IL-12, p40 can bind to p19 to form IL-23, or can form a homodimer designated as IL-12 p80. Elevated levels of IL-12 p80 are correlated with macrophage recruitment and increased inflammation in asthma and respiratory viral infection models. Recombinant human IL-12 p80 is an 80.0 kDa disulfide linked homodimer consisting of two p40 chains of IL-12.
Description: IL-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced primarily by activated Th2 cells, and also by mast cells and NK cells. Targeted deletion of IL-13 in mice resulted in impaired Th2 cell development and indicated an important role for IL-13 in the expulsion of gastrointestinal parasites. IL-13 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on monocytes and macrophages and it inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. IL-13 has also been shown to enhance B cell proliferation and to induce isotype switching resulting in increased production of IgE. Blocking of IL-13 activity inhibits the pathophysiology of asthma. Human and murine IL-13 is cross-species reactive. A variant of IL-13 shows enhanced functional activity compared with the wild type IL-13. PeproTech's genetic variant, termed human IL-13 analog, is a mature 114 amino acid protein with a substitution of Q for R at position 112.
Description: IL-16 is a CD8+ T cell-derived cytokine that induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ monocytes and eosinophils. Analysis by gel filtration suggests that, under physiological conditions, hIL-16 exists predominantly as a noncovalently linked multimer, but that some IL-16 may exist as a monomer. However, only the multimeric form appears to possess chemotactic activity, suggesting that receptor cross-linking may be required for activity. IL-16 also induces expression of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and MHC class II molecules on CD4 + T cells. Human and murine IL-16 show significant cross-species reactivity. Recombinant human IL-16 is a 13.5 kDa protein consisting of 130 amino acid residues.
Description: IL-8 is a proinflammatory CXC chemokine that can signal through the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. It is secreted by monocytes and endothelial cells. IL-8 chemoattracts and activates neutrophils. Recombinant human IL-8 (monocyte-derived) is an 8.4 kDa protein containing 72 amino acid residues.
Description: IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, which have indispensable functions in many infectious and inflammatory diseases. Swine IL-10 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-10 produced in yeast.
Description: IL-13 is an important mediator of allergic inflammation and disease. In addition to effects on immune cells, IL-13 is implicated as a central mediator of the physiologic changes induced by allergic inflammation in many tissues. Mouse IL-13 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-13 produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. Feline IL-6 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-6 produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine produced by T-helper cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. It is required for T-cell proliferation and other activities crucial to the regulation of the immune response. Feline IL-2 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-2 produced in yeast.
Description: IL-17A is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines, whose members are involved in numerous immune regulatory functions. IL-17 induces the production of many other cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins. Mouse IL-17A Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-17A produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, is an ELR-positive CXC family member chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. ELR-positive CXC chemokines such as IL-8 specifically induce the migration of neutrophils, and interact with chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Dolphin IL-8 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-8 produced in yeast.
Description: The cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, modulates the cytotoxic activity and survival of NK and CD8+ T cells, and suppresses the maturation of dendritic cells. Swine IL-21 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-21 produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein (IL-1F3, IL-1ra) belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines, whose members play key roles in the development and regulation of inflammation. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra; IL-1F3) reduces inflammation by blocking the binding of the agonist receptor ligands. Equine IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1F3, IL-1ra) produced in yeast.
IL-7 Interleukin-7 Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag
Description: IL-7 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is single, a non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 152 amino acids fragment (26-177) and having a total molecular mass of 21.97 kDa with an amino-terminal hexahistidine tag. ;The IL-7 His-Tag protein is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: 4-1BB Receptor, a member of the TNF superfamily of receptors, is mainly expressed on the surface of a variety of T cells, but also found in B cells, monocytes, and various transformed cell lines. 4-1BB Receptor binds to 4-1BBL to provide a co-stimulatory signal for T lymphocytes. Signaling by 4-1BB Receptor has been implicated in the antigen-presentation process and generation of cytotoxic T cells. The human 4-1BB Receptor gene codes for a 255 amino acid type I transmembrane protein containing a 17 amino acid N-terminal signal sequence, a 169 amino acid extracellular domain, a 27 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 42 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. Recombinant human soluble 4-1BB Receptor is a 167 amino acid polypeptide (17.7 kDa), which contains the cysteine rich TNFR-like extracellular domain of 4-1BB Receptor.
Description: PF-4 is a CXC chemokine that is expressed in megakaryocytes and stored in the α-granules of platelets. PF-4 is chemotactic towards neutrophils and monocytes and has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis. Recombinant human PF-4 is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved residues present in CXC chemokines.
Human High Sensitive Interleukin IL-4,IL-4 ELISA Kit
Description: IL-1 beta (IL-1β) is a member of the interleukin 1 family of cytokines. The IL-1 beta cytokine is produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Feline IL-1 beta Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-1 beta cytokine produced in yeast.
Description: IL-1 alpha (IL-1α, IL-1F1) is a member of the interleukin 1 family of cytokines. IL-1 alpha is an inflammatory cytokine active in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction and in driving Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses. Feline IL-1 alpha Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-1 alpha cytokine produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also designated B cell stimulatory factor-1, is a glycosylated cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, basophils and mast cells. The secreted IL-4 protein promotes the growth and differentiation of cells that participate in immune defense by favoring such events as the expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1 cells. These T helper cell subsets are defined by their pattern of cytokine secretion: Th1 cells secrete IL-2, TNF, while Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Another key immunological function of IL-4 is to induce immunoglobulin class switching. IL-4 has been shown to induce the production of IgE and enhance IgG4 secretion by B cells, but suppress the production of IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. It has been determined that Stat6 is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated following stimulation of IL-3 or IL-4, but is not detectably phosphorylated following stimulation with IL-2, IL-12 or erythropoietin.
Description: Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also designated B cell stimulatory factor-1, is a glycosylated cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, basophils and mast cells. The secreted IL-4 protein promotes the growth and differentiation of cells that participate in immune defense by favoring such events as the expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1 cells. These T helper cell subsets are defined by their pattern of cytokine secretion: Th1 cells secrete IL-2, TNF, while Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Another key immunological function of IL-4 is to induce immunoglobulin class switching. IL-4 has been shown to induce the production of IgE and enhance IgG4 secretion by B cells, but suppress the production of IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. It has been determined that Stat6 is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated following stimulation of IL-3 or IL-4, but is not detectably phosphorylated following stimulation with IL-2, IL-12 or erythropoietin.
Description: Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also designated B cell stimulatory factor-1, is a glycosylated cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, basophils and mast cells. The secreted IL-4 protein promotes the growth and differentiation of cells that participate in immune defense by favoring such events as the expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1 cells. These T helper cell subsets are defined by their pattern of cytokine secretion: Th1 cells secrete IL-2, TNF, while Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Another key immunological function of IL-4 is to induce immunoglobulin class switching. IL-4 has been shown to induce the production of IgE and enhance IgG4 secretion by B cells, but suppress the production of IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. It has been determined that Stat6 is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated following stimulation of IL-3 or IL-4, but is not detectably phosphorylated following stimulation with IL-2, IL-12 or erythropoietin.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 is a potent lymphoid cell growth factor, which stimulates the growth and activation of certain B cells and T cells. IL-4 is important for regulation of T helper subset development. IL-4 is expressed primarily by activated Th2 cells and NK cells, and at lower levels by mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 signals through the IL-4R, and dendritic cell IL-12.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 is a potent lymphoid cell growth factor, which stimulates the growth and activation of certain B cells and T cells. IL-4 is important for regulation of T helper subset development. IL-4 is expressed primarily by activated Th2 cells and NK cells, and at lower levels by mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 signals through the IL-4R, and dendritic cell IL-12.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 is a potent lymphoid cell growth factor, which stimulates the growth and activation of certain B cells and T cells. IL-4 is important for regulation of T helper subset development. IL-4 is expressed primarily by activated Th2 cells and NK cells, and at lower levels by mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 signals through the IL-4R, and dendritic cell IL-12.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Interleukin 4, IL-4 in samples from serum, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates, saliva. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Interleukin 4, IL-4 in samples from serum, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates, saliva. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Interleukin-4 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 130 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 15kDa. ;The IL-4 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates diverse T and B cell responses including cell proliferation, survival and gene expression. Produced by mast cells, T cells and bone marrow stromal cells, IL-4 regulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into helper Th2 cells, characterized by their cytokine-secretion profile that includes secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13, which favor a humoral immune response. Another dominant function of IL-4 is the regulation of immunoglobulin class switching to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes. Excessive IL-4 production by Th2 cells has been associated with elevated IgE production and allergy. Recombinant human IL-4 is a 15.1 kDa globular protein containing 130 amino acid residues.
Description: IL-4 has many biological roles, including the stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation, and the differentiation of CD4+ T-cells into Th2 cells. It is a key regulator in humoral and adaptive immunity. Human IL-4 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-4 produced in yeast.
Description: IL-4 Human Recombinant produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated monomer, having a molecular weight range of 14-19kDa due to glycosylation.;The IL-4 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-4 Human Recombinant produced in CHO is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 129 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14 kDa, the glycosilation of IL-4 migrates as 18 kDa on SDS-PAGE.;The IL-4 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Medical interns’ reflections on their coaching in use of non-public protecting gear
Background: The present COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that private protecting gear (PPE) is important, to forestall the acquisition and transmission of infectious illnesses, but its use is commonly sub-optimal within the medical setting.
Coaching and training are necessary to make sure and maintain the secure and efficient use of PPE by medical interns, however present strategies are sometimes insufficient in offering the related information and expertise. The aim of this examine was to discover medical graduates’ experiences of the usage of PPE and establish alternatives for enchancment in training and coaching programmes, to enhance occupational and affected person security.
Strategies: This examine was undertaken in 2018 in a big tertiary-care educating hospital in Sydney, Australia, to discover medical interns’ self-reported experiences of PPE use, originally of their internship. Reflexive teams had been performed instantly after theoretical and sensible PPE coaching, throughout hospital orientation. Transcripts of recorded discussions had been analysed, utilizing a thematic method that drew on the COM-B (functionality, alternative, motivation – behaviour) framework for behaviour.
Outcomes: 80% of 90 eligible graduates participated. Many interns had not beforehand acquired formal coaching within the particular expertise required for optimum PPE use and had developed doubtlessly unsafe habits. Their experiences as medical college students in medical areas contrasted sharply with advisable apply taught at hospital orientation and impacted on their potential to domesticate appropriate PPE use.
Conclusions: Undergraduate educating needs to be in line with greatest apply PPE use, and embody sensible coaching that embeds appropriate and secure practices.
Social Media Survey and Net Posting Evaluation of the COVID-19 Response in China: Well being Employee Attitudes Towards Preparedness and Private Protecting Gear Shortages
Background: Understanding well being employee consciousness, attitudes, and self-confidence within the office can inform native and international responses towards rising infectious threats, just like the coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Availability of accessible private protecting gear (PPE) is important to efficient care and prevention.
Strategies: We performed a cross-sectional survey from February 24 to 28, 2020, to evaluate COVID-19 preparedness amongst well being employees. As well as, we assessed developments from search engine internet crawling and text-mining information trending over the Sina Weibo platform from January 1 to March 3, 2020. Information had been abstracted on Chinese language outbreak preparedness.
Outcomes: Within the survey, we engaged 6350 individuals, of whom 1065 agreed to take part, and after an eligibility logic test, 1052 participated (16.6%). We accessed 412 web posts as to PPE availability.
Well being employees who had been happy with present preparedness to deal with COVID-19 had been extra more likely to be feminine, to acquire information concerning the extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak from authorities organizations, and to contemplate their hospital ready for outbreak administration.
Well being employees with extra confidence of their talents to reply had been these with extra religion of their establishment’s response capacities. Components of readiness included having airborne an infection isolation rooms, customer management procedures, and coaching in precautions and PPE use. Each survey and internet submit assessments urged that well being employees in want had been unable to reliably get hold of PPE.
Conclusions: Well being employees’ self-confidence is determined by perceived institutional readiness. Failure to take care of accessible PPE stock for rising infectious illnesses preparedness suggests a failure to be taught key classes from the 2003-2004 SARS outbreak in China.
Utilizing Massive-Scale Additive Manufacturing as a Bridge Manufacturing Course of in Response to Shortages in Private Protecting Gear throughout the COVID-19 Outbreak
The worldwide coronavirus illness (COVID)-19 pandemic has led to a world scarcity of non-public protecting gear (PPE), with conventional provide chains unable to deal with the numerous demand resulting in important shortfalls. A variety of open and crowdsourcing initiatives have sought to deal with this shortfall by producing gear reminiscent of protecting face shields utilizing additive manufacturing strategies reminiscent of fused filament fabrication (FFF).
This paper stories the method of designing and manufacturing protecting face shields utilizing large-scale additive manufacturing (LSAM) to provide the main thermoplastic elements of the face protect. LSAM provides important benefits over different additive manufacturing applied sciences in bridge manufacturing situations as a real transition between prototypes and mass manufacturing strategies reminiscent of injection molding.
Within the context of manufacturing of COVID-19 face shields, the flexibility to provide the optimized elements in beneath 5 min in comparison with what would usually take 1 – 2 h utilizing one other additive manufacturing applied sciences meant that important manufacturing quantity might be achieved quickly with minimal staffing.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via β-catenin mediated Pdgfrα and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via β-catenin mediated Pdgfrα and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via beta-catenin mediated Pdgfralpha and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via beta-catenin mediated Pdgfralpha and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human DKK-1 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Rat DKK-1 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Description of target: This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is a secreted protein with two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. Elevated levels of DKK1 in bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood is associated with the presence of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Quantitative Colorimentric Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 63 pg/mL
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-11 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-2 has been shown to both inhibit and enhance canonical Wnt signaling; enhancing Wnt signaling through direct high-affinity binding of DKK-2 to LRP6 during LRP6 overexpression, while inhibiting Wnt signaling and promoting LRP6 internalization through the formation of a ternary complex between DKK-2, LRP6, and Kremen-2. Recombinant Human DKK-2 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 25.8 kDa and contains 234 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, human DKK-2 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 31-36 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-L1 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-3 has been shown to potentiate, rather than inhibit, Wnt signaling through interactions with the high-affinity, transmembrane co-receptors Kremen-1 (Krm1) and Kremen-2 (Krm2). Recombinant Human DKK-3 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 36.3 kDa and contains 329 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, Human DKK-3 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 39-49 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK3 has been proposed as tumour suppressor gene and a marker for tumour blood vessels. DKK3 is the only DKK family member abundantly expressed in normal lung, but silenced by promoter hypermethylation in a large fraction of lung cancer cell lines and lung tumors. Downregulation of DKK3 was correlated with tumor progression and expression of nuclear beta-catenin in lung tumors. Ectopic expression of DKK3 in lung cancer cells with DKK3 hypermethylation induced apoptosis and inhibited TCF-4 activity as well as nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and expression of TCF-4 targets c-Myc and cyclin D1. DKK3 modulates FGF and Activin/Nodal signaling to regulate mesoderm induction during early Xenopus development, was reported.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK3 has been proposed as tumour suppressor gene and a marker for tumour blood vessels. DKK3 is the only DKK family member abundantly expressed in normal lung, but silenced by promoter hypermethylation in a large fraction of lung cancer cell lines and lung tumors. Downregulation of DKK3 was correlated with tumor progression and expression of nuclear beta-catenin in lung tumors. Ectopic expression of DKK3 in lung cancer cells with DKK3 hypermethylation induced apoptosis and inhibited TCF-4 activity as well as nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and expression of TCF-4 targets c-Myc and cyclin D1. DKK3 modulates FGF and Activin/Nodal signaling to regulate mesoderm induction during early Xenopus development, was reported.
Description: Description of target: Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DKK3 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is mapped to 11p15.3. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. The expression of this gene is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may function as a tumor suppressor gene. Members of the Dkk-related family display unique patterns of mRNA expression in human and mouse tissues, and are secreted when expressed in 293T cells. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich Immunoassay;Sensitivity: <= 10 pg/mL
