Mastery Studying Ensures Appropriate Private Protecting Gear Use in Simulated Medical Encounters of COVID-19
Introduction: The right use of non-public protecting gear (PPE) limits transmission of significant communicable illnesses to healthcare employees, which is critically necessary within the period of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19). Nonetheless, prior research illustrated that healthcare employees incessantly err throughout software and elimination of PPE. The purpose of this examine was to find out whether or not a simulation-based, mastery studying intervention with deliberate apply improves appropriate use of PPE by physicians throughout a simulated medical encounter with a COVID-19 affected person.
Strategies:
This was a pretest-posttest examine carried out within the emergency division at a big, tutorial tertiary care hospital between March 31-April 8, 2020. A complete of 117 topics participated, together with 56 school members and 61 resident physicians. Previous to the intervention, all contributors acquired institution-mandated training on PPE use by way of an internet video and supplemental supplies.
Members accomplished a pretest expertise evaluation utilizing a 21-item guidelines of steps to appropriately don and doff PPE. Members had been anticipated to fulfill a minimal passing rating (MPS) of 100%, decided by an skilled panel utilizing the Mastery Angoff and Affected person Security standard-setting strategies. Members that met the MPS on pretest had been exempt from the academic intervention.
Testing occurred earlier than and after an in-person demonstration of correct donning and doffing strategies and 20 minutes of deliberate apply. The first final result was a change in evaluation scores of appropriate PPE use following our academic intervention. Secondary outcomes included variations in efficiency scores between school members and resident physicians, and variations in efficiency throughout donning vs doffing sequences.
Outcomes: All contributors had a imply pretest rating of 73.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.9-75.3%). College member and resident pretest scores had been related (75.1% vs 71.3%, p = 0.082). Imply pretest doffing scores had been decrease than donning scores throughout all contributors (65.8% vs 82.8%, p<0.001). Participant scores elevated 26.9% (95% CI of the distinction 24.7-29.1%, p<0.001) following our academic intervention leading to all contributors assembly the MPS of 100%.
Conclusion: A mastery studying intervention with deliberate apply ensured the right use of PPE by doctor topics in a simulated medical encounter of a COVID-19 affected person. Additional examine of translational outcomes is required.
Description: Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. It was initially identified as a B cell differentiation factor (BCDF), as well as a B cell stimulatory factor (BSF1). IL-4 has since been shown to have multiple biological effects on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, including B and T cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, myeloid and erythroid progenitors, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Rat, mouse and human IL-4 are species-specific in their activities.
Description: Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. It was initially identified as a B cell differentiation factor (BCDF), as well as a B cell stimulatory factor (BSF1). IL-4 has since been shown to have multiple biological effects on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, including B and T cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, myeloid and erythroid progenitors, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Rat, mouse and human IL-4 are species-specific in their activities.
Description: Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. It was initially identified as a B cell differentiation factor (BCDF), as well as a B cell stimulatory factor (BSF1). IL-4 has since been shown to have multiple biological effects on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, including B and T cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, myeloid and erythroid progenitors, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Rat, mouse and human IL-4 are species-specific in their activities.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Description: IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated T cells, mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 elicits many different biological responses but has two dominant functions. The first is regulating differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell to the Th2 type. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, which tend to favor a humoral immune response while suppressing a cell-mediated immune response controlled by Th1 cells. The second is regulating IgE and IgG1 production by B cells.
Medical interns’ reflections on their coaching in use of non-public protecting gear
Background: The present COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that private protecting gear (PPE) is important, to forestall the acquisition and transmission of infectious illnesses, but its use is commonly sub-optimal within the medical setting.
Coaching and training are necessary to make sure and maintain the secure and efficient use of PPE by medical interns, however present strategies are sometimes insufficient in offering the related information and expertise. The aim of this examine was to discover medical graduates’ experiences of the usage of PPE and establish alternatives for enchancment in training and coaching programmes, to enhance occupational and affected person security.
Strategies: This examine was undertaken in 2018 in a big tertiary-care educating hospital in Sydney, Australia, to discover medical interns’ self-reported experiences of PPE use, originally of their internship. Reflexive teams had been performed instantly after theoretical and sensible PPE coaching, throughout hospital orientation. Transcripts of recorded discussions had been analysed, utilizing a thematic method that drew on the COM-B (functionality, alternative, motivation – behaviour) framework for behaviour.
Outcomes: 80% of 90 eligible graduates participated. Many interns had not beforehand acquired formal coaching within the particular expertise required for optimum PPE use and had developed doubtlessly unsafe habits. Their experiences as medical college students in medical areas contrasted sharply with advisable apply taught at hospital orientation and impacted on their potential to domesticate appropriate PPE use.
Conclusions: Undergraduate educating needs to be in line with greatest apply PPE use, and embody sensible coaching that embeds appropriate and secure practices.
Social Media Survey and Net Posting Evaluation of the COVID-19 Response in China: Well being Employee Attitudes Towards Preparedness and Private Protecting Gear Shortages
Background: Understanding well being employee consciousness, attitudes, and self-confidence within the office can inform native and international responses towards rising infectious threats, just like the coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Availability of accessible private protecting gear (PPE) is important to efficient care and prevention.
Strategies: We performed a cross-sectional survey from February 24 to 28, 2020, to evaluate COVID-19 preparedness amongst well being employees. As well as, we assessed developments from search engine internet crawling and text-mining information trending over the Sina Weibo platform from January 1 to March 3, 2020. Information had been abstracted on Chinese language outbreak preparedness.
Outcomes: Within the survey, we engaged 6350 individuals, of whom 1065 agreed to take part, and after an eligibility logic test, 1052 participated (16.6%). We accessed 412 web posts as to PPE availability.
Well being employees who had been happy with present preparedness to deal with COVID-19 had been extra more likely to be feminine, to acquire information concerning the extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak from authorities organizations, and to contemplate their hospital ready for outbreak administration.
Well being employees with extra confidence of their talents to reply had been these with extra religion of their establishment’s response capacities. Components of readiness included having airborne an infection isolation rooms, customer management procedures, and coaching in precautions and PPE use. Each survey and internet submit assessments urged that well being employees in want had been unable to reliably get hold of PPE.
Conclusions: Well being employees’ self-confidence is determined by perceived institutional readiness. Failure to take care of accessible PPE stock for rising infectious illnesses preparedness suggests a failure to be taught key classes from the 2003-2004 SARS outbreak in China.
Utilizing Massive-Scale Additive Manufacturing as a Bridge Manufacturing Course of in Response to Shortages in Private Protecting Gear throughout the COVID-19 Outbreak
The worldwide coronavirus illness (COVID)-19 pandemic has led to a world scarcity of non-public protecting gear (PPE), with conventional provide chains unable to deal with the numerous demand resulting in important shortfalls. A variety of open and crowdsourcing initiatives have sought to deal with this shortfall by producing gear reminiscent of protecting face shields utilizing additive manufacturing strategies reminiscent of fused filament fabrication (FFF).
This paper stories the method of designing and manufacturing protecting face shields utilizing large-scale additive manufacturing (LSAM) to provide the main thermoplastic elements of the face protect. LSAM provides important benefits over different additive manufacturing applied sciences in bridge manufacturing situations as a real transition between prototypes and mass manufacturing strategies reminiscent of injection molding.
Within the context of manufacturing of COVID-19 face shields, the flexibility to provide the optimized elements in beneath 5 min in comparison with what would usually take 1 – 2 h utilizing one other additive manufacturing applied sciences meant that important manufacturing quantity might be achieved quickly with minimal staffing.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 fused to a C terminal His-tag derived from E. coli is a 26 kDa protein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 fused to a C terminal His-tag derived from E. coli is a 26 kDa protein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: Human Dkk-1 Recombinant Protein expressed in Baculovirus with His-tag. Sequence domain: 32-266aa. Application(s): SDS-PAGE. Endotoxin: < 1 EU per 1ug of protein (determined by LAL method).
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-l1 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-3 has been shown to potentiate, rather than inhibit, Wnt signaling through interactions with the high-affinity, transmembrane coreceptors Kremen-1 (Krm1) and Kremen-2 (Krm2). Recombinant human DKK-3 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 36.3 kDa and contains 329 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, human DKK-3 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 39-49 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-l1 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-3 has been shown to potentiate, rather than inhibit, Wnt signaling through interactions with the high-affinity, transmembrane coreceptors Kremen-1 (Krm1) and Kremen-2 (Krm2). Recombinant human DKK-3 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 36.3 kDa and contains 329 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, human DKK-3 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 39-49 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-11 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-2 has been shown to both inhibit and enhance canonical Wnt signaling; enhancing Wnt signaling through direct high-affinity binding of DKK-2 to LRP6 during LRP6 overexpression, while inhibiting Wnt signaling and promoting LRP6 internalization through the formation of a ternary complex between DKK-2, LRP6, and Kremen-2. Recombinant Human DKK-2 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 25.8 kDa and contains 234 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, human DKK-2 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 31-36 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-11 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-2 has been shown to both inhibit and enhance canonical Wnt signaling; enhancing Wnt signaling through direct high-affinity binding of DKK-2 to LRP6 during LRP6 overexpression, while inhibiting Wnt signaling and promoting LRP6 internalization through the formation of a ternary complex between DKK-2, LRP6, and Kremen-2. Recombinant Human DKK-2 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 25.8 kDa and contains 234 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, human DKK-2 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 31-36 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-11 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-2 has been shown to both inhibit and enhance canonical Wnt signaling; enhancing Wnt signaling through direct high-affinity binding of DKK-2 to LRP6 during LRP6 overexpression, while inhibiting Wnt signaling and promoting LRP6 internalization through the formation of a ternary complex between DKK-2, LRP6, and Kremen-2. Recombinant Human DKK-2 fused to a C terminal His-tag derived from E. coli has a molecular weight of 26.0 kDa and contains 234 amino acid residues.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-11 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-2 has been shown to both inhibit and enhance canonical Wnt signaling; enhancing Wnt signaling through direct high-affinity binding of DKK-2 to LRP6 during LRP6 overexpression, while inhibiting Wnt signaling and promoting LRP6 internalization through the formation of a ternary complex between DKK-2, LRP6, and Kremen-2. Recombinant Human DKK-2 fused to a C terminal His-tag derived from E. coli has a molecular weight of 26.0 kDa and contains 234 amino acid residues.
Description: Human Dkk-3 Recombinant Protein expressed in Baculovirus with His-tag. Sequence domain: 22-350aa. Application(s): SDS-PAGE. Endotoxin: < 1 EU per 1ug of protein (determined by LAL method).
Description: Description of target: This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is a secreted protein with two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. Elevated levels of DKK1 in bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood is associated with the presence of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Quantitative Colorimentric Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 63 pg/mL
Description: Human Dkk-1 Protein, His Tag, premium grade (DK1-H5221) is expressed from human 293 cells (HEK293). It contains AA Thr 32 - His 266 (Accession # NP_036374.1).
Description: Human Dkk-1 Protein, His Tag, premium grade (DK1-H5221) is expressed from human 293 cells (HEK293). It contains AA Thr 32 - His 266 (Accession # NP_036374.1).
Description: Human Dkk-1 Protein, His Tag, premium grade (DK1-H5221) is expressed from human 293 cells (HEK293). It contains AA Thr 32 - His 266 (Accession # NP_036374.1).
Description: Human Dkk-1 Protein, His Tag, premium grade (DK1-H5221) is expressed from human 293 cells (HEK293). It contains AA Thr 32 - His 266 (Accession # NP_036374.1).
