Entosis: From CellBiology to Clinical Cancer Pathology
Entosis is a phenomenon, in which one cell enters a second one. New clinico-histopathological studies of entosis prompted us to summarize its significance in cancer. It appears that entosis might be a novel, independent prognostic predictor factor in cancer histopathology.
We briefly discuss the biological basis of entosis, followed by a summary of published clinico-histopathological studies on entosis significance in cancer prognosis. The correlation of entosis with cancer prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, anal carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and breast ductal carcinoma, is shown.
Numerous entotic figures are associated with a more malignant cancer phenotype and poor prognosis in many cancers. We also showed that some anticancer drugs could induce entosis in cell culture, even as an escape mechanism. Thus, entosis is likely beneficial for survival of malignant cells, i.e., an entotic cell can hide from unfavourable factors in another cell and subsequently leave the host cell remaining intact, leading to failure in therapy or cancer recurrence.
Finally, we highlight the potential relationship of cell adhesion with entosis in vitro, based on the model of the BxPc3 cells cultured in full adhesive conditions, comparing them to a commonly used MCF7 semiadhesive model of entosis.
Description: Our Cdc42 Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Cdc42 protein. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Cdc42-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rho Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of RhoA, RhoB or RhoC. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a RhoA-, RhoB- or RhoC-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rho Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of RhoA, RhoB or RhoC. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a RhoA-, RhoB- or RhoC-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rho Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of RhoA, RhoB or RhoC. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a RhoA-, RhoB- or RhoC-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Arf Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Arf1 or Arf 6. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using an Arf1- or Arf6-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Arf Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Arf1 or Arf 6. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using an Arf1- or Arf6-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Ral Activation Assay uses visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Ral protein. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Ral-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Ran Activation Assay uses visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Ran protein. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Ran-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rap Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rap1 or Rap2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rap1- or Rap2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rap Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rap1 or Rap2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rap1- or Rap2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rac Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rac1 or Rac2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rac1- or Rac2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rac Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rac1 or Rac2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rac1- or Rac2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Cdc42 Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Cdc42 protein. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Cdc42-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rho Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of RhoA, RhoB or RhoC. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a RhoA-, RhoB- or RhoC-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rho Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of RhoA, RhoB or RhoC. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a RhoA-, RhoB- or RhoC-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rho Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of RhoA, RhoB or RhoC. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a RhoA-, RhoB- or RhoC-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rac1/Cdc42 Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of the small GTPase. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rap Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rap1 or Rap2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rap1- or Rap2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rap Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rap1 or Rap2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rap1- or Rap2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Arf Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Arf1 or Arf 6. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using an Arf1- or Arf6-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Arf Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Arf1 or Arf 6. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using an Arf1- or Arf6-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Ral Activation Assay uses visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Ral protein. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Ral-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Ran Activation Assay uses visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Ran protein. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Ran-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our 96-Well Ras Activation ELISA Kit uses the Raf1 RBD (Rho binding domain) bound to a 96-well plate to selectively pull down the active form of Ras from purified or endogenous samples. The captured GTP-Ras is then detected by a pan-Ras antibody and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody.
Description: Our 96-Well Ras Activation ELISA Kit uses the Raf1 RBD (Rho binding domain) bound to a 96-well plate to selectively pull down the active form of Ras from purified or endogenous samples. The captured GTP-Ras is then detected by a pan-Ras antibody and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody.
Description: Our RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of the small GTPase. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Pan myristoylation. Recognizes Pan myristoylation from ALL. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, ELISA;WB:1:500-10000, ELISA:1:10000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Pan myristoylation. Recognizes Pan myristoylation from ALL. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, ELISA;WB:1:500-10000, ELISA:1:10000
Description: This mAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer s cells of the liver and Langerhan s cells of the skin. Macrophages comprise of many forms of mononuclear phagocytes found in tissues. Mononuclear phagocytes arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. After passing through the monoblast and pro-monocyte states of the monocyte stage, they enter the blood, where they circulate for about 40 hours. They then enter tissues and increase in size, phagocytic activity, and lysosomal enzyme content becoming macrophages. Among the functions of macrophages are nonspecific phagocytosis and pinocytosis, specific phagocytosis of opsonized microorganisms mediated by Fc receptors and complement receptors, killing of ingested microorganisms, digestion and presentation of antigens to T and B lymphocytes, and secretion of a large number of diverse products, including many enzymes including lysozyme and collagenases, several complement components and coagulation factors, some prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and many regulatory molecules (Interferon, Interleukin 1). LN-5 selectively stains human sebaceous glands in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin samples. Undifferentiated sebocyte progenitors are negative, and only sebocytes from the onset of their differentiation reveal positive cytoplasmic staining. Since there are very few selective and easy-to-use markers of sebaceous glands, LN-5 antibody can offer a simple and relatively specific way to detect human sebocytes from the onset of their.
Description: This mAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer s cells of the liver and Langerhan s cells of the skin. Macrophages comprise of many forms of mononuclear phagocytes found in tissues. Mononuclear phagocytes arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. After passing through the monoblast and pro-monocyte states of the monocyte stage, they enter the blood, where they circulate for about 40 hours. They then enter tissues and increase in size, phagocytic activity, and lysosomal enzyme content becoming macrophages. Among the functions of macrophages are nonspecific phagocytosis and pinocytosis, specific phagocytosis of opsonized microorganisms mediated by Fc receptors and complement receptors, killing of ingested microorganisms, digestion and presentation of antigens to T and B lymphocytes, and secretion of a large number of diverse products, including many enzymes including lysozyme and collagenases, several complement components and coagulation factors, some prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and many regulatory molecules (Interferon, Interleukin 1). LN-5 selectively stains human sebaceous glands in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin samples. Undifferentiated sebocyte progenitors are negative, and only sebocytes from the onset of their differentiation reveal positive cytoplasmic staining. Since there are very few selective and easy-to-use markers of sebaceous glands, LN-5 antibody can offer a simple and relatively specific way to detect human sebocytes from the onset of their.
Description: This mAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer s cells of the liver and Langerhan s cells of the skin. Macrophages comprise of many forms of mononuclear phagocytes found in tissues. Mononuclear phagocytes arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. After passing through the monoblast and pro-monocyte states of the monocyte stage, they enter the blood, where they circulate for about 40 hours. They then enter tissues and increase in size, phagocytic activity, and lysosomal enzyme content becoming macrophages. Among the functions of macrophages are nonspecific phagocytosis and pinocytosis, specific phagocytosis of opsonized microorganisms mediated by Fc receptors and complement receptors, killing of ingested microorganisms, digestion and presentation of antigens to T and B lymphocytes, and secretion of a large number of diverse products, including many enzymes including lysozyme and collagenases, several complement components and coagulation factors, some prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and many regulatory molecules (Interferon, Interleukin 1). LN-5 selectively stains human sebaceous glands in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin samples. Undifferentiated sebocyte progenitors are negative, and only sebocytes from the onset of their differentiation reveal positive cytoplasmic staining. Since there are very few selective and easy-to-use markers of sebaceous glands, LN-5 antibody can offer a simple and relatively specific way to detect human sebocytes from the onset of their.
Description: KappaB ras Antibody: KappaB ras-1 (κB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IκB (IκB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB. IκB exists in two homologous forms, IκB-alpha and IκB-beta, although IκB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IκB-alpha-NF-κB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IκB-beta-NF-κB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IκB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IκB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IκB-beta. This antibody detects both kappaB-ras1 and kappaB-ras2.
Description: KappaB ras Antibody: KappaB ras-1 (κB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IκB (IκB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB. IκB exists in two homologous forms, IκB-alpha and IκB-beta, although IκB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IκB-alpha-NF-κB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IκB-beta-NF-κB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IκB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IκB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IκB-beta. This antibody detects both kappaB-ras1 and kappaB-ras2.
Recent advances in myeloid-derived suppressor cellbiology
In recent years, studying the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in many pathological inflammatory conditions has become a very active research area. Although the role of MDSCs in cancer is relatively well established, their role in non-cancerous pathological conditions remains in its infancy resulting in much confusion.
Our objectives in this review are to address some recent advances in MDSC research in order to minimize such confusion and to provide an insight into their function in the context of other diseases. The following topics will be specifically focused upon: (1) definition and characterization of MDSCs; (2) whether all MDSC populations consist of immature cells;
(3) technical issues in MDSC isolation, estimation and characterization; (4) the origin of MDSCs and their anatomical distribution in health and disease; (5) mediators of MDSC expansion and accumulation; (6) factors that determine the expansion of one MDSC population over the other; (7) the Yin and Yang roles of MDSCs. Moreover, the functions of MDSCs will be addressed throughout the text.
MRGPRX2 signals its importance in cutaneous mast cellbiology: Does MRGPRX2 connect mast cells and atopic dermatitis?
The discovery of MRGPRX2 marks an important change in MC biology, explaining non-IgE-mediated clinical phenomena relying on MCs. As receptor for multiple drugs, MRGPRX2 is crucial to drug-induced hypersensitivity.
However, not only drugs, but also endogenous mediators like neuropeptides and host defense peptides activate MRGPRX2, suggesting its broad impact in cutaneous pathophysiology. Here, we give a brief overview of MRGPRX2 and its regulation by microenvironmental stimuli, which support MCs and can be altered in skin disorders, and briefly touch on the functional programs elicited by MRGPRX2 ligation. Studies in Mrgprb2-deficient mice (the murine ortholog) help illuminate MRGPRX2’s function in health and disease.
Recent advances in this model support the long-suspected operational unit between MCs and nerves, with MRGPRX2 being a vital component. Based on the limited evidence for a major contribution of FcεRI/IgE-activated MCs to atopic dermatitis (AD), we develop the hypothesis that MRGPRX2 constitutes the missing link connecting MCs and AD, at least in selected endotypes. Support comes from the multifold changes in the MC-neuronal system of AD skin (e.g. greater density of MCs and closer connections between MCs and nerves, increased PAR-2/Substance P).
We theorize that these deregulations suffice to initiate AD, but external triggers, many of which activating MRGPRX2 themselves (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) further feed into the loop. Itch, the most burdensome hallmark of AD, is mostly non-histaminergic but tryptase-dependent, and tryptase is preferentially released upon MRGPRX2 activation. Because MRGPRX2 is a very active research field, some of the existing gaps are likely to be closed soon.
The vimentin cytoskeleton: When polymer physics meets cellbiology
The proper functions of tissues depend on the ability of cells to withstand stress and maintain shape. Central to this process is the cytoskeleton, comprised of three polymeric networks: F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Intermediate filament proteins are among the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins in cells; yet they remain some of the least understood. Their structure and function deviate from those of their cytoskeletal partners, F-actin and microtubules.
Intermediate filament networks show a unique combination of extensibility, flexibility and toughness that confers mechanical resilience to the cell. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in mesenchymal cells. This review highlights exciting new results on the physical biology of vimentin intermediate filaments and their role in allowing whole cells and tissues to cope with stress.
Recent advances in synthetic biology-enabled and natural whole-cell optical biosensing of heavy metals
A large number of scientific works have been published on whole-cell heavy metal biosensing based on optical transduction.
The advances in the application of biotechnological tools not only have continuously improved the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection range for biosensors but also have simultaneously unveiled new challenges and restrictions for further improvements. This review highlights selected aspects of whole-cell biosensing of heavy metals using optical transducers.
We have focused on the progress in genetic modulation in regulatory and reporter modules of recombinant plasmids that has enabled the improvement of biosensor performance even if you are looking for the Best Medical Coaching Institute In Dehradun. Simultaneously, an attempt has been made to present newer platforms such as microfluidics that have generated promising results and might give a new turn to the optical biosensing field.
Friends or foes? The knowns and unknowns of natural killer cellbiology in COVID-19 and other coronaviruses in July 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 575,000 deaths worldwide as of mid-July 2020 and still continues globally unabated. Immune dysfunction and cytokine storm complicate the disease, which in turn leads to the question of whether stimulation or suppression of the immune system would curb the disease.
Given the varied antiviral and regulatory functions of natural killer (NK) cells, they could be potent and powerful immune allies in this global fight against COVID-19. Unfortunately, there is somewhat limited knowledge of the role of NK cells in SARS-CoV-2 infections and even in the related SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infections.
Several NK cell therapeutic options already exist in the treatment of tumor and other viral diseases and could be repurposed against COVID-19. In this review, we describe the current understanding and potential roles of NK cells and other Fc receptor (FcR) effector cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection, advantages of using animals to model COVID-19, and NK cell-based therapeutics that are being investigated for COVID-19 therapy.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Histamine (HIS) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Histamine (HIS) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids.
Description: A rapid test for detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) for 2019-nCoV, the novel Coronavirus from the Wuhan strain. The test is easy to perform, takes 10 minutes to provide reliable results and is higly specific to the 2019-nCoV Coronavirus.
Description: A rapid test for detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) for 2019-nCoV, the novel Coronavirus from the Wuhan strain. The test is easy to perform, takes 10 minutes to provide reliable results and is higly specific to the 2019-nCoV Coronavirus.
Description: An accurate, simple, fast (15 min) and inexpensive screening tool for the identification of protein putrefaction in the gastrointestinal tract. For research use only, not intended for diagnostic use. The Indican Reagent is corrosive. It is recommended to perform the test in a chemical fume hood. Wear gloves, goggles and protective clothing. Key Features: Convenient. Only need to pipette 2 mL urine into the ready reagent vial, mix and read the indican level from a color chart. Fast: 15 min. Method: Obermeyer (Improved). Samples: Urine. Species: Human. Procedure: Assay takes 15 min. Kit size: 20 tests.
